“So here comes the immune system. What are we doing for it? Well, it's inflammatory. It's over activated. And it's basically in hyperdrive. One of the 10 commandments of immunology is the immune system is antigen driven. It doesn't just turn on because it wants to turn on, it is turned on because something pushed the ‘on’ button.”

“They found that the strongest signal was coming from serotonin. Peripheral serotonin levels were very similar between those who are acutely active with Covid and those who had Long Covid and much lower than those who had recovered from Covid and did not have persistent symptoms.”

“We are seeing viral persistence in tissues over many years after initial infection and the immune system is not able to completely clear this out. And so now we have to figure out how either we a) can get the immune system to clear this all out, or can we use other modalities - antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, immune-boosting modification, things like that, that will actually help purge these kind of persistent infected cells that we're observing in tissue.”

“If we’ve learned anything, this is not something anyone wants to get… The fact that there's a genomics that underlie Long Covid tells you how real it is, right? And then the fact that we will get treatments to people, all these things reinforce how big an issue.”